GLOSSARY

adrenal glands: small glands located on top of each kidney that produce steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.

alveoli: thin-walled air sacs at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles, across which gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and the pulmonary capillaries.

aortic aneurysm: bulge in the wall of the aorta, the main artery that runs from the heart through the chest and abdomen, that can rupture and cause dangerous bleeding or death.

apoptosis: programmed cell death. Apoptosis is controlled by genes that cause a cell to die at a specific time, for example, when DNA is damaged. This type of cell death is different from the process of cell death by decay.

arsenic: naturally occurring substance that has been widely used in some industries (eg, copper or lead smelting, agriculture).

asbestos: natural, fibrous material that was previously widely used as a building material.

atelectasis: failure of the lung to expand (inflate) completely.

biomarker: biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

lobar bronchi: secondary divisions of the main bronchi that enter the lobes of the lungs.

esophagus: muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.

bronchiole: one of approximately six generations of increasingly finer subdivisions of the bronchi. Bronchioles are smaller than 1 mm in diameter.